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Female vs. male evidence, compound by compound

A single chart of how thin the female evidence runs, even for the best-studied peptides in this database.

This is the whole thesis of the site in one picture. Each bar is the share of a compound's indexed research that is even tagged as involving female subjects. The number after each bar is how many records carry a sex-based analysis tag at all. Read them together and a pattern jumps out.

Across 22 reviewed compounds and 103,447 indexed PubMed records, only 405, about 0.4%, carry a tag for any sex-based analysis.PubMed, as of 2026-07-17. Female/sex tags are automated MeSH proxies that undercount.
0%25%50%75%100%Oxytocin58% · 17,039/29,152 · 236 sex-analysisGonadorelin57% · 173/304 · 0 sex-analysisBremelanotide (PT-141)46% · 51/111 · 0 sex-analysisKisspeptin-1044% · 182/410 · 1 sex-analysisTesamorelin31% · 32/103 · 1 sex-analysisEpitalon31% · 65/212 · 0 sex-analysisIpamorelin29% · 14/49 · 0 sex-analysisLiraglutide24% · 1,339/5,517 · 18 sex-analysisSemaglutide22% · 1,116/5,189 · 14 sex-analysisMK-67721% · 25/117 · 1 sex-analysisSelank21% · 26/125 · 0 sex-analysisCJC-1295 (no DAC)20% · 1/5 · 0 sex-analysisMelanotan II20% · 39/197 · 1 sex-analysisTirzepatide19% · 443/2,288 · 5 sex-analysisMOTS-c19% · 58/304 · 1 sex-analysisTB-500 (Thymosin β4)19% · 172/925 · 2 sex-analysisCagrilintide17% · 18/109 · 0 sex-analysisSemax16% · 33/206 · 2 sex-analysisRetatrutide13% · 20/158 · 2 sex-analysisNAD+11% · 6,110/57,674 · 121 sex-analysisBPC-15710% · 21/211 · 0 sex-analysisGHK-Cu0% · 0/81 · 0 sex-analysisBars: share of records carrying the Female MeSH tag. Trailing figure: records tagged for any sex-based analysis. PubMed, as of 2026-07-17.
For each reviewed compound: the share of indexed PubMed records carrying the Female MeSH tag (bar), and the count of records tagged for any sex-based analysis (trailing figure). These are automated proxies that undercount, see the note below.

What the chart shows

Two things. First, female tagging is a minority of the literature for almost every compound, and for some, like GHK-Cu, the automated tag reads zero even though the compound is genuinely female-relevant. Second, and more starkly: the count of studies tagged for any sex-based analysis is close to zero across the board, even for compounds with tens of thousands of records. Being included in a study is not the same as having your physiology analyzed.

An honest caveat about these numbers

The bars use PubMed's Female MeSH filter and the trailing figure uses the Sex Factors filter. Both are automated proxies that undercount, GHK-Cu showing 0% is a tagging artifact, not a claim that no woman was ever studied. We show them anyway because, even undercounting, the systemic pattern is unmistakable. The qualitative female-evidence judgment on each profile is hand-authored, not derived from these tags. See the methodology page.

Why show it at all, if the proxy is imperfect?

Because the direction of the error runs one way. A proxy that undercounts female relevance can only make the true picture look better than the chart does, not worse. If even a generous reading of the tags shows sex-based analysis in a sliver of the literature, the underlying reality is not more reassuring. The chart is a floor, not a ceiling.

That is the argument for reading every compound the way this database does: total study count first, female representation second, and sex-specific analysis as its own separate, usually empty, column. For the history behind why the columns look like this, see Why almost every peptide study left women out.

Compounds referenced

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Sources

  1. PubMed record counts using the Female and Sex Factors MeSH filters, dated per query in data/pubmed-counts.json (generated by node db/verify-pubmed.mjs). View source ↗
  2. See the site methodology page for how these proxies are used and their known limitations.

Educational information for laboratory and research use only. Not medical advice, a recommendation, or a claim of safety or efficacy; no personal dosing. “Unstudied” means no qualifying study was found, not that a compound is safe or unsafe. Some outbound links are affiliate links.