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Hormonal & Reproductiveapproved

Bremelanotide (PT-141)

PT-141
Hormonal & Reproductive · CAS 189691-06-3
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Category
Hormonal & Reproductive
Evidence grade
A
PubMed records
111
Female-tagged
51
Sex-analysis
0
CAS
189691-06-3
A
Evidence grade A, Approved indication with 51 indexed studies that included female subjects. How grades work →
Female evidence: Direct
Bremelanotide (PT-141): of 111 PubMed records, 51 are tagged as including female subjects and 0 carry a sex-analysis tag.Counts reflect PubMed records as of 2026-07-17. “Female” uses the Female MeSH filter and “sex-analysis” the Sex Factors MeSH filter, automated proxies pending manual study-level review. Methodology →

Overview

Bremelanotide, also known as PT-141, is a melanocortin-receptor agonist with an unusual place in this catalog. It is one of the very few peptides here with an approved indication studied specifically in women. Marketed as Vyleesi, it reached approval for acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women, which makes its evidence base genuinely female-direct rather than male-extrapolated.

Mechanistically, it acts as a non-selective agonist at melanocortin receptors, primarily MC4R, in the central nervous system, where it modulates dopaminergic pathways involved in sexual desire. That central, receptor-level mechanism is what separated it from earlier peripheral approaches and is why it has been studied as a distinct research material.

For a database built on the female-evidence question, PT-141 is the useful counter-example: the compound most peptides get compared against, precisely because the studies that support it were run in women. Our evidence review records where that direct evidence exists and where, as with cycle-phase timing, even a female-approved compound still has open questions.

Summary

Bremelanotide is a melanocortin receptor agonist FDA-approved (as Vyleesi) for acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women, one of the very few peptides in this database with an approved indication specifically in women.

Evidence in women

Menstrual cycle
Unstudied
As-needed dosing was not evaluated against specific menstrual cycle phases in the registration trials.
Pregnancy & lactation
Contraindicated
Not recommended in pregnancy; discontinue if pregnancy is suspected. Effects during lactation are not established.
Hormonal interactions
No evidence
No clinically significant interaction with oral contraceptives was identified in the approval data.
Perimenopause & menopause
No evidence
The approved indication is premenopausal women; efficacy in postmenopausal women was not established.
Sex differences
Evidence
Developed and trialed primarily in women for the HSDD indication; the efficacy evidence base is female-direct.

Mechanism

Non-selective agonist at melanocortin receptors (primarily MC4R) in the central nervous system, modulating dopaminergic pathways involved in sexual desire.

Reported dosing & routes

◐

We don't give dosing or medical advice. The figures below describe what was used in published research, not a recommendation. Decide with your clinician.

Reported range (literature)1.75 mg subcutaneous, as-needed (per approved label)
Routessubcutaneous
Female-specific dosingNot established

Contraindications: uncontrolled hypertension; cardiovascular disease

Side effects

Reported in the research literature. Sex-specific incidence has not been separately analysed in the available records.

nauseaflushinginjection-site reactionstransient blood-pressure increase

Bremelanotide (PT-141) reconstitution calculator

Enter this vial's amount, the bacteriostatic water you add, and a target amount to get the concentration and the U-100 syringe units to draw. Handling arithmetic for research use, not a dose recommendation.

Reconstitution

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Draw for Bremelanotide (PT-141)

5
units on a U-100 insulin syringe
020406080100
U-100 insulin syringe — 1 mL = 100 units
That's 0.05 mL drawn to the 5-unit mark.
Concentration5 mg/mL (5,000 mcg/mL)
Volume to draw0.05 mL
Doses per vial40

Reference chart at 5 mg/mL

Target amountVolume (mL)U-100 units
100 mcg0.02 mL2
250 mcg0.05 mL5
500 mcg0.1 mL10
750 mcg0.15 mL15
1000 mcg0.2 mL20

Research-use arithmetic only. This tool converts a vial amount, diluent volume, and a target amount into a concentration and syringe draw for laboratory handling. It is not dosing guidance, a recommendation, or a claim of safety or efficacy, and it does not account for overfill, dead space, or peptide purity. Nothing here is medical advice. “U-100” means 100 units = 1 mL; confirm your syringe graduation before measuring. See the reconstitution & storage handbook for handling detail.

Frequently asked questions

Answers drawn only from Bremelanotide (PT-141)'s research facts and, where reviewed, its sex-disaggregated evidence. Nothing here is medical advice, dosing, or a claim of safety or efficacy.

What is Bremelanotide (PT-141)?

Bremelanotide (PT-141), also known as PT-141, is a research compound in our hormonal reproductive category. Bremelanotide is a melanocortin receptor agonist FDA-approved (as Vyleesi) for acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women, one of the very few peptides in this database with an approved indication specifically in women.

Is Bremelanotide (PT-141) studied in women?

Bremelanotide (PT-141): of 111 PubMed records, 51 are tagged as including female subjects and 0 carry a sex-analysis tag. We grade this direct female evidence: at least one record carries a sex-analysis tag, so some findings are drawn from women rather than borrowed from mixed or male data. See how we read the evidence.

Has Bremelanotide (PT-141) been studied during pregnancy or breastfeeding?

Contraindicated. Not recommended in pregnancy; discontinue if pregnancy is suspected. Effects during lactation are not established. This is not a safety clearance or a recommendation. Vera, our research chat, deliberately hard-stops on pregnancy, breastfeeding, and trying-to-conceive questions rather than answer them.

What evidence grade does Bremelanotide (PT-141) have, and why?

Bremelanotide (PT-141) carries evidence grade A. Approved indication with 51 indexed studies that included female subjects.. Grades are derived from the research record, never hand-assigned; see how grades work.

Is there a female-specific dose for Bremelanotide (PT-141)?

No. A female-specific dose for Bremelanotide (PT-141) is not established, and this site does not provide dosing or medical advice. Any figures we show describe what published research used, not a recommendation. Decide anything about use with a qualified clinician.

How is Bremelanotide (PT-141) administered in research?

In the published literature, Bremelanotide (PT-141) is administered via subcutaneous. Reported dose ranges on the Dosing tab describe what studies used for laboratory research, not a protocol for people. We don't provide dosing.

What side effects have been reported for Bremelanotide (PT-141)?

Effects reported in the research literature include nausea, flushing, injection-site reactions, transient blood-pressure increase. Sex-specific incidence has not been separately analysed in the available records, so these are not broken out for women.

What is the CAS number for Bremelanotide (PT-141)?

The CAS registry number for Bremelanotide (PT-141) is 189691-06-3. It is also referred to as PT-141, Vyleesi. Use it to confirm identity against a Certificate of Analysis.

How should Bremelanotide (PT-141) be stored and handled?

Bremelanotide (PT-141) sold for research is supplied as a lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder. Lyophilized peptides are generally kept cold and dry, at roughly -20°C for longer-term storage and 2-8°C short-term, protected from light. Once reconstituted they are typically refrigerated and used within a short window, avoiding repeated freeze-thaw cycles. This is general laboratory handling for research use only, not a directive for human use. Always follow the handling and purity details on the product's Certificate of Analysis.

Where can I buy Bremelanotide (PT-141) for research?

Bremelanotide (PT-141) is not currently listed by our research-use partner, Aurevena Research, but their catalog carries related compounds. Code research15 applies 15% off. We may earn a commission when you purchase through this link, at no extra cost to you. Products are for laboratory research use only.

Browse the Aurevena catalog
Research-use supplier: Bremelanotide (PT-141) isn't currently listed by our research-use vendor. Their catalog carries related compounds. Code research15 for 15% off, applied automatically at checkout. We may earn a commission when you purchase through this link, at no extra cost to you. Products are for laboratory research use only.
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Citations (PMID)

31356297 · 31599839

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Educational information for laboratory and research use only. Not medical advice, a recommendation, or a claim of safety or efficacy; no personal dosing. “Unstudied” means no qualifying study was found, not that a compound is safe or unsafe.